Forms of Visual Space in Phenomenology

Brentano argued that visual space is three-dimensional through analysis of the properties of the primary continuum that account for perceptual expe­rience. His conclusion puts the long-established claim that visual space is two-dimensional into question. Berkeley had reasoned that distance is a line directed to the eye projecting one and the same point on the

The Ordered Manifold of Depth in Phenomenology

Metzger (1957) says that the phenomenological study of visual space is in accord with the naive realism of everyday life, though this claim should not be taken as an ontological commitment. It means that if the space of expe­rience is studied solely on phenomenological grounds, the experimental evi­dence will show that it is primarily

The Kinematics of Visual Things in Space

The research into stereokinetic phenomena addresses the issue of deforma­tions through movements in visual space. Benussi called stereokinesis the phenomenon that occurs when an actual or apparent movement of a figure on a frontal-parallel plane yields a transformation, according to which it no longer appears as a plane figure but rather as a rigid

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The Intrinsic Geometry of Phenomena

I.Kohler (1953) claims that the word “space” has different denotations depend­ing on its use in physics, mathematics or psychology. Nevertheless he contends that the geometry of space might be envisaged even in the psychology of per­ception, provided the epistemological difference between these denotations is taken into account. In mathematical geometry the definition of concepts

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The Coordinate Systems of Movements and Spatial Appearances

Husserl (1907) carries out an analysis of the properties of visual space that counts as an example of the “analytic approach” to the geometry of percep­tual space (cf. Wagner, 2006: Ch. 4). Instead of assuming the axioms of one geometry (see the hierarchy of geometries in Suppes, 1977: 403) to derive the properties of

A Model of Perceptual Geometry in Phenomenology

Brentano’s reference to Beltrami raises an important question. In a conven­tionalist account of non-Euclidean geometries, the meaning and intuition of geometric concepts varies given the interpretation in a model. If it allows consistent deductions, the intuition needs to be adjusted to the interpretation of the model. Poincare (1898: 1) claimed that “sensations cannot give

Temporal Displacement and the Nature of Temporal Intervals

Temporal displacement (Zeitverschiebung) has been recognized since the dawn of scientific psychology. If subjects are asked to point at the place over which a pointer passes at the same time a synchronized sound is emitted, they seldom succeed in pointing at the right place. They often point at a place that is located either

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The Qualitative Order of Time

Rubin (1939) shows that temporal displacement is a variant of the perceptu­al structures that give appearances an order on the grounds of their qualita­tive features. Rubin presents three noises in a series of successions, varying their relative position and the temporal interval between them from 25 to about 300 msec. Two noises are identical,

Temporal Grouping

Time perception is articulated into structures in the strict sense of the term. Perceived elements are arranged in an orderly fashion by grouping factors, and this provides evidence that time perception does not consist solely in locating events according to their before/after succession in physical time. The early study of temporal grouping factors is

The Structure of Phenomenal Permanence

The work of Michotte ([1950] 1991) on phenomenal permanence shows that perceptual time consists of self-sufficient structures. Perception does convey information on properties, events and states of the perceivable world but as a function of such structures. Phenomenal permanence corresponds to per­ceiving a thing or an event as something that continues to exist or

The Phenomenological Meaning of Normal Illumination

The first example of divergence between phenomenological theories of per­ception regards the question of color constancy, which set the qualifying fea­tures of a phenomenological account since Hering. Katz (1930) quantifies the phenomenal magnitude of color constancy by designing a condition for the perceptual comparison of objects with varying illumination. A partition wall divides a

Meta-theory and Empirical Science

The second example of divergence regards the interpretation that Stumpf, Husserl and Kohler gave of the form that phenomenology as a philosophical theory should take in connection with empirical sciences. Stumpf and Kohler sided against Husserl on the question of the definition of phenomenology (cf. Fisette, 2009; Kaiser El-Safti, 2001; Rollinger, 1999: 83k). By

Perceiving the Difference and the Phenomenal Basis of Judgments

It may be quite surprising that despite a common phenomenological back­ground, Kohler (1913a) and Koffka (1917) address, contra Stumpf, arguments against the constancy hypothesis and the construct of unnoticed sensations. In fact, their criticism consists in charging Stumpf with a theory that might imply similar theoretical and methodological problems. Kohler ([1913a] 1971: 19 n.

Absolute Properties of Appearances

Koffka (1917) starts from Kohler’s arguments to focus his criticism on Stumpf’s paradox. Stumpf (1883: 33-34) introduces the paradox to support the existence of noticing thresholds and to defend the view that noticing is not equivalent to attention. Stumpf conceives the paradox as an extreme case in which a series of appearances change so

Phenomenological Commitments

The divergence on empirical, theoretical and methodological issues does not affect the core of the phenomenology of perception as it has emerged through the various philosophical and scientific theories in which it is embedded. This core consists of the following minimal set of commitments. Perception is an independent cognitive function. If considered from the

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Introduction to Literature review as a research methodology

Building your research on and relating it to existing knowledge is the building block of all academic research activities, regardless of discipline. Therefore, to do so accurately should be a priority for all academics. However, this task has become increasingly complex. Knowledge production within the field of business research is accel­erating at a tremendous

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Types of literature review

Consideration of prior, relevant literature is essential for all research disciplines and all research projects. When reading an article, in­dependent of discipline, the author begins by describing previous re­search to map and assess the research area to motivate the aim of the study and justify the research question and hypotheses. This is generally referred

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The process of conducting a literature review

Independent of what approach will be used to conduct the literature review, a number of steps that must be taken and decisions made to create a review that meets the requirements for publication (for specific considerations in relationship to each step. See Table 3). In the fol­lowing, the basics steps and important choices involved

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Assessing the quality of a literature review

Literature reviews need to be assessed and evaluated as strictly as empirical articles, but is this always the case? Palmatier et al. (2018) suggest that a quality literature review must have both depth and rigor, that is, it needs to demonstrate an appropriate strategy for selecting articles and capturing data and insights and to

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Introduction to Interviewing as qualitative methods

Interview because I am interested in other people’s stories. Most sim­ply put, stories are a way of knowing. The root of the word story is the Greek word histor, which means one who is “wise” and “learned” (Watkins, 1985, p. 74). Telling stories is essentially a meaning-making pro­cess. When people tell stories, they select