Full vs. Partial Metric Invariance in SEM Model

The test described in the previous section is considered a “full” invariance test. When a model gets more complex, it is increasingly difficult to achieve full invariance. Partial invariance is where multiple estimates/factor loadings per construct need to be equiva- lent (but not all). Based on Hair et al. (2009), if two parameters per construct are found to be invariant, then partial invariance is found and the research can move forward. If full invariance is not supported, the researcher can systematically “free” the constraints on each factor that have the greatest impact on chi-square to achieve a non-significant invariance test.

Source: Thakkar, J.J. (2020). “Procedural Steps in Structural Equation Modelling”. In: Structural Equation Modelling. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, vol 285. Springer, Singapore.

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